How Technology Affects Sleep - 1438 Words

Many do not believe that we have a technology problem in today’s society. But, ninety-five percent of people use technology an hour before they go to sleep (How Technology Affects Sleep). This is an alarming amount of people who use technology before they go to sleep. You do not have to be looking directly at the technology to trigger the pineal gland to stop releasing melatonin (Kim). Many also believe that lack of sleep due to technology does not affect how they do their daily jobs. Seventy-five percent of those over 30 that reported not getting enough sleep said that when they were tired that their sleepiness effected their daily work (Tarkan). For a school age kid ten hours of sleep is needed. Teenagers also need about nine to ten†¦show more content†¦Then after they get done with homework they go right to bed. They are more electronically engaged at night (Electronics in the Bedroom). We pressuring them into doing everything that they can but yet not use technol ogy an hour before they go to bed, we are having them do exactly what we are telling them not to do. We sometimes forget that our students need to get adequate sleep just like we do. We think that means they are young that they will just adjust to the lack of sleep. Actually they need more sleep then adults do, while adults actually get more sleep on a given day than an average teenager. Some believe that today s society is not sleep deprived from technology, but rather sleep deprived from other reasons. An article from Better Health stated that some of these reasons why we are sleep deprived are due to personal choice, illness, work, sleeping disorder, medications that we may be taking, the environment that you are sleeping in, sleep hygiene is poor, and sleep disruptions (Sleep Deprivation). Personal choice would be that you want to stay up and not go to sleep at a reasonable time. This may be due to social media, social life, or many other reasons. Illness, if you are sick you may not be getting adequate sleep due to coughing, trouble breathing, and snoring. When you are sick you will get very little REM sleep which is very important to feeling rested. When a person is working night shift or very

The Importance Of Security Doors - 1198 Words

As you approach the SM Entertainment building, you fumble with your wallet attempting to pull out your drivers license for identification purposes. Once the plastic card slides between for fingertips, you snap shut your wallet and shove it into your bag again. Your footsteps begin to increase in pace while you use your free hand to fidget with the glasses resting on the bridge of your nose. After reaching the main door, you yank off your sunglasses and press the intercom button. Hello. How may I assist you? Asks the secretary, Myung-Sook, behind the front desk. You tap the metal circle again to reply. Hi. Its Y/N Y/L/N. Im here to drop off lunch for Victoria again. Concluding your sentence, you hear the click of the lock†¦show more content†¦Im fine thank you. I was just grabbing water for the girls. Did you bring food? Victoria eonni said you were bringing us food. Yes. You begin before stepping into the elevator that finally arrived. Amber trails behind you before selecting the correct floor and standing beside you. She sent me a very specific lunch list. I hope I got everything right. Amber laughs. At this point I think you should know that as long as its edible well eat it. Well wed all hope it is edible now wouldnt we Amber-ah. Hows the practice going? You say as you wait for the elevator to halt. Amber shrugs. It was okay nothing new happened other than us perfecting our choreography and taking turns heading down to the studio to record our next song. f(x) fighting! You smile as Amber slightly mimics your action attempting to not drop the water bottles. The elevator then dings to alert you two that you arrived on the correct floor. Amber leads the way to where the rest of her group resided while she retrieved the water bottles. As you and Amber entered the dance room, Luna and Krystal perked up. Food! They collectively screamed. Amber chuckled as the younger girls swarmed you two and collected your cargo. Thank you eonnis! They shouted loudly. They are all marked with your names on it! You announced while playfully rolling your eyes at their childish antics before you glanced around the studio and noticedShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Physical Security1548 Words   |  7 Pages * * The Importance of Physical Security * Shontay Clark * University of Phoenix * CJA 585 * Bob Riley * May 2, 2011 The Importance of Physical Security Abstract Understanding the importance of physical security rest in acknowledging the two main elements of security; people, and technology  ( Bitzer [Remove the space afterRead MoreImproving The Traffic Efficiency And Road Side Safety1506 Words   |  7 Pages Vehicular Ad-hoc networks are used in order to improve the Traffic Efficiency and road side safety. Security Requirements of the VANETS: Confidentiality: The conversion between the sender and the receiver should be very confidential that means the messages need not to be shared by other users. Authentication: The messages that are sent from the sender to receiver are secured by authenticating the messages so that they are understood by the authenticated people. Availability: They must be able toRead MoreEnroll in a Closed Campus Essay993 Words   |  4 Pagesgroup of cars and simply drive off campus, giving up their rare, close, parking spot. Students who leave campus can return if they wish too, so that they may visit the library, or grab a coffee from the book store with friends. Students who attend open door colleges, who live off campus, hold the right to go to their house for lunch or for a break and return to campus for their next class. The students of open campuses are given massive amounts of responsibility, as a result of being allowed to travelRead MoreWhat Is Physical Security?1642 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion, â€Å"What is security?† the response of the majority of the population would likely be: alarm systems, guards in uniform, locks, and barred doors windows. While this is always a great place to start, these are not the only measures that need to be considered when making an effort to secure an information syst em. Because physical security is a pivotal component of all security plans and is key to all security efforts, it makes the initiation of access control, software security, information technologyRead MoreAccess Controls And Access Control Security Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagescomputers, databases, and technology in general, security has grown to be a powerful tool that has to be used. The threat of outside sources intruding and exploiting crucial information is a threat that is present on a daily basis. As a part of creating and implementing a security policy, a user must consider access control. Access Control is a security tool that is used to control who can use or gain access to the protected technology. Access control security includes two levels; logical and physical.Read MoreDeveloping A Strong Security Policy978 Words   |  4 Pagesprocessing center is critical. In order to ensure the safety and security of client’s information, data processing companies must h ave top-notch security in place from the locks on the door to the people they hire. One way to develop a strong security policy is to hire a security analyst who is in charge of overseeing every aspect of the company’s security. The security analyst will help design, implement, and update security policies and procedures, as well as ensure that these policies andRead MoreDeon Mason. April 30, 2017. Principles/Practices/Courts.1066 Words   |  5 Pagesignored as justice is handed out swiftly and mindlessly. The stories/cases that Bogira tells in Courtroom 302 are both fascinating and disturbing. Bogira strips away our sense of security in the justice system by showcasing the various factors that live within our justice system to undermine it. To understand the importance of ethics one must first understand what ethics mean. While ethics is a wide category there are several subcategories that fall underneath it. The subcategory that the book reallyRead MoreThe Invasion Of Privacy And Concern For Safety1624 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States and across the world. The main issue is how does the government’s actions change how people view their own security and even national security. Broader theories of this research question would be how the government’s interaction with technology and security influence how people think about their own personal privacy and safety as well as our national security. Some central questions that are critical to how to analyze this growing p roblem are the following: What does the NSA reallyRead MoreInformation Classification Plan For Kingsley Media Enterprises1212 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary The report is introductory to an information classification plan related to Kingsley Media Enterprises This report explains the importance of information classification and introduces three labels that can define any information, and the countermeasure that aid to mitigate the risk and impacts of information being exposed. Proper security measures must be accompanied with information classification and practical workshops for employees to learn how to label information. Read MoreNetwork Security And The Security934 Words   |  4 PagesHospital Network Security With a multitude of changes occurring in the technology field, it is critical that hospitals maintain the highest levels of security for their internal network as well as their public access network. Hospitals contain vital information about patients, treatment styles, employees and staff, as well as pharmaceuticals that are kept on the premises. The importance of protecting this information cannot be understated and a breach in security could cause a breakdown in

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Free Essays

The Beneficence Principle wants maximum benefits and minimum harm. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment did the exact opposite of that. The government doctors of the US Public Health Service studied the maximum harm and minimum benefits of untreated syphilis. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Talebearer Clark, the founder of the experiment, â€Å"Macon County Is a natural laboratory – a ready made situation. The rather low Intelligence of the negro population, depressed economic conditions, and the very common promiscuous sexual relations, not only contribute to the spread of syphilis UT also to the prevailing indifference with regard to treatment† (Dianna, 1993). The government doctors studied patients with syphilis from the earliest of stages all the way to death, the goal being to see if syphilis was the same in blacks as it was in whites. The doctors told the patients they could cure their â€Å"bad blood† and invited them in for treatment. The doctors never told them how bad their condition was or what stage they were at. They simply â€Å"gave the men placebos, vitamins, aspirin, and tonics to keep up the appearance of treatment (Dianna, 1993). The third part to The Ethics Framework for Public Health questions the known or potential burdens of the program. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment clearly violates this ethical principle (as well as many others). In this principle It states â€Å"If data suggests that a program is reasonably likely to achieve its stated goals, then the third step of the framework asks us to identify burdens or harms that could occur through our public health work† (Champed and Elliot 2010). The doctors in the Tuskegee Experiment clearly knew they were achieving their goal, which was recording the effects of untreated syphilis, but failed to identify and inform the burdens and/or harms that were occurring in their public health work. The men were never informed of the problems they had, and in fact were led to believe they were getting better. The goal of the Tuskegee Experiment was to find out if syphilis had the same effect in black people as It did In whites, at that time blacks were thought to be â€Å"fundamentally and genetically deferent† (Dianna, 1993). As sad as it Is to say, at the end of the experiment there were a few benefits, one being doctors now know the effects of syphilis on anybody, regardless of race or gender, If left untreated. Another benefit to come from this experiment would be ethics in Public Health and the be no Belmont Report or Ethics Framework for Public Health in our textbook. There are many long-term repercussions to advancing public health goals because of this experiment. It caused blacks, and others living in low class, oppressed populations to have distrust and lack of respect for the information given to them by doctors. They were misled and misinformed by these â€Å"doctors† and no longer want their information or help. And because of this they do not step forward or help for health issues when it’s needed. How to cite Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Papers

Organizational Change Management Different Techniques

Question: Discuss about the Report for Organizational Change Management of Different Techniques. Answer: Different techniques are used by managers in order to manage the effectiveness and to increase the efficiency of a particular firm. It is important for the managers to understand the needs of the stakeholders as well as the employees and moreover the managers should have the desired ability to meet the required standards of the firm. It is a matter of fact that organizational change mainly occurs when a firm is making the transition from its present state to some future state. The internal and the external forces which need to be identified as these create the crucial impact on the execution of the concerned business processes. There are some of the crucial techniques which need to be considered by the managers or the leaders for the organizational development of effective change methods. These methods are survey methods, team building, transactional analysis, sensitivity training, managerial grid, brainstorming, and objectives of management, process consultation, employee motivation and quality circles (Senior and Swailes, 2010). Job satisfaction and employee motivate are considered to be the two of most important aspects of managing the change management process of an organization. It has been that, in many of the well-known firms that the conflicts between the employees within the concerned firm takes place, and also the improper management process critically affects the execution of the business process and thus for which the managers needs to follow the above change management techniques. The entire change management process for the development of the organization can be done by formulating effective a nd effectual objectives by the management team of the concerned firm (Latta, Myers, 2005). The management by objective process eventually involves four crucial steps such as setting of the goals by the firm, individual goals, freedom of selection and making the appraisals. The communication needs to be very good and effective between the managers as well as the employees as this will improve the entire output of the workplace concerned. The transactional analysis is another important technique which helps in establishing the better and perfect relationship among the managers and the other members attached to the concerned organization (Srensen, Hasle, Pejtersen 2011). The achievements of the objectives of an organization are merely supposed to be the joint as well as the individual responsibilities of all of the managers concerned. Next are the brainstorming processes which include a group of the five or eight managers coming together for finding the solution of a particular probl em and this can be done by the complete analysis of the problem? In order to manage the change throughout the organization and bring out the desired positive results, it is very important to develop the skills and the ability of the employees as well as the team within the firm (Thakadipuram, Stevenson, 2013). It is the crucial responsibility of the managers not the employees to facilitate as well as enable the entire change. The survey of the entire staff is another way which helps in repairing as well as mistrusting the damage between the concerned staff of the organization. What is actually needed to manage the organizational change should be collected with the help of survey among the employees within the organization (Argyris, 2012). The information used by the survey method is then used by the managers to make effective and efficient decisions for the development of the firm. The data collected with the help of survey reflects the working conditions of the employees, working hours, quality of the work, salaries and the wages and basically the attitudes of the respective employees based upon the above points. Effective means of training is important to spread the desired change needed for the development of the concerned organization. The process of motivating the employees plays the crucial role in increasing the effectiveness of the work carried out by them. There are different methods adopted by v arious other organizations to motivate the employees such as by rewarding them, appraisal programs, incentives schemes and performance based promotions. These techniques also help in lowering down the employee turnover which is important for maintaining the effectiveness of the firm and spreading the desired throughout the concerned organization (Weinberg, Sutherland, and Cooper, 2010). It is evident to know that any of the business should change as per the changing trends and therefore the managers should maintain a desired balance the strengths of his firm and the change external environment as well as the market segments. This will help in implementing the techniques mentioned above for maintaining the organizational change. The most important are that these techniques provide the competitive advantage to the concerned firm over its competitors within the concerned market segments. References Argyris, C. (2012).Organizational traps. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Senior, B. and Swailes, S. (2010) Organizational Change. 4th Ed, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Latta, G. F. Myers, N. F. (2005). The Impact of Unexpected Leadership Changes and Budget Crises on Change Initiatives at a Land Grant University. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(3) (Special issue: Organization Development and Change in Universities), p. 351-367. Srensen, O. H., Hasle, P., Pejtersen, J. H. (2011). Trust relations in the management of change. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 27(4), 405-417. Thakadipuram, T. Stevenson, L. (2013): Turnaround: from breakdown to breakthrough with Open Space Technology, Human Resource Development International, 16:1, 116-127 Weinberg, A., Sutherland, V. and Cooper, C. (2010).Organizational stress management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

The Real World free essay sample

Four girls, picked to live in a quad, and have their lives changed, more than they could have ever imagined. Freshman and sophomore year I was wrapped tightly in a cocoon of uncertainly, self consciousness, and a sense that I didn’t even know who I was. My roommates Caitlin, Lizzie, and Kristen not only made the struggles of junior year tolerable, unexpectedly, they forced their way into my life and me out of that cocoon. Each of them taught me something different that sculpted my morals and will prepare me for whatever lies ahead. Whoever said that you meet some weird people in your life, probably said that after one encounter with Caitlin. A combination of ADD and a phobia of body hair is formula for a messy girl with her life in order. Caitlin has the biggest heart of anyone I know and the tenderness she exudes is noticed by all. We will write a custom essay sample on The Real World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One night, as Caitlin was Nairing her mustache, Caitlin stated â€Å"I just don’t want to leave here somebody I am not.† Though it was hard to take her seriously, the words resonated in my head and it really got me thinking. It was that simple. Be yourself. That night, something changed, whatever wall I was putting up for society was being bulldozed by this terse statement coming from a girl with a pseudo milk mustache. It became clear that the only way I was going to survive one more year at boarding school was to realize that I am who I am, and conforming to some social standard was no way to live. Looking at Caitlin I imagined her as a miniature Buddha with a sparkling upper lip and a flicker of wisdom in her eyes. Martha Stewart has nothing on my own personal Suzie Homemaker. With a headband delicately placed on top of her golden blonde hair and pearl studs adoring her earlobes, Lizzie opened her arms to me when I felt as though my own world was caving in. My boyfriend and I just broke up and I thought it was the end of the world. In a stage of weakness I was under the impression that my life would cease to exist because of the loneliness that would soon take over. Lizzie looked me in the eyes and said, â€Å"People will always surprise you, the only person you can rely on is yourself.† At the time, I felt as though that was the worst thing she could have said. On top of all my heartbreak, she was facilitating my disdain for the human race and making things worse. As I pulled myself together, the quote flooded back to me. Why had I felt so worthless after something as menial as a breakup? I realized that I had stopped loving myself. Loving yourself seems like common sense, but it took a girl wrapped in a pink monogrammed blanket to pull me out of the darkness and show me the proverbial light. Nike running shorts and Hanes t-shirts are a staple for my third roommate Kristen. Kristen has taught me the most through my own personal observation. Watching her carefully double knot her Nikes and pull her hair tight into a rubber band, I know that she is about to step onto the field and leave everything behind. There is something to be said about someone who is captain of all three of their varsity sports. Her leadership and persistence is equally captured when it comes to her friends and family. Watching her makes me want to live my life with the same sense of dedication and appreciation for life. With all three of my roommates going their separate ways to their respective colleges, I will have one more year at boarding school. With the help of three unique and special girls, I am equipped with the knowledge to take charge of my dorm, take charge of my life, and finish my time at Culver with another great year. Gandhi once said â€Å"The main purpose of life is to live rightly, think rightly, act rightly. The soul must languish when we give all our thought to the body.† As I begin my final year of high school without them I will relish the memories and fondly recall the lessons from Caitlin to live rightly, from Lizzie to think rightly, and from Kristen to act rightly.

History of Baseball Essays

History of Baseball Essays History of Baseball Paper History of Baseball Paper One of the most popular sports in the United States is baseball.   It is even regarded as the national pastime (Rader 42).   For the average American, every summer and spring time, is the season to play this exciting â€Å"bat and ball† game of baseball.   Still, other baseball enthusiasts who catch the games live or on screen as they keep track of the progress of their players and teams of choice. At the eastern region of the country during the middle part of the 1800s, people started to learn how to play the game of baseball (Reiss 236).   Eventually, the game started to spread across the Untied States.   In the year 1876, the National League was established.   In 1900, the American League was then formed (Riess 4).   Over the years, the game began to spread beyond the borders of the United States reaching different regions around the globe. Historians suggest that the game of baseball can trace its origins from an old English sport called rounders (Block and Wiles 3).   They claim that it is from this game that early Americans developed what is now known as baseball.   Notwithstanding the aforementioned evidence however, many people still regard Abner Doubleday, an American as the inventor of the game. Beginning in the year 1700s, American colonists who settled in New England started to play a game of rounders (Block and Wiles 160).   The game they played came to be known by several other names such as the Massachusetts game, town ball, and occasionally, baseball.   Sets of rules have been printed in books every so often.   Nonetheless, those who play the game normally manipulated the rules in accordance to their local traditions (Block and Wiles 15). The distances between the bases, the number of bases themselves, as well as the number of players on either side, together with other rules of the game differed from one place to the other.   Eventually, Americans changed the game into what is now known as baseball.   Among the significant highlights of such development happened the moment the practice of soaking runners has been replaced by the practice of tagging them instead.   Historians believe that the players in New York City made such changes to the rules of the game some time around 1830s or 1840s (Block and Wiles 185). Regardless of the evidences presented suggesting that baseball developed from the game of rounders, many people still believe that it was indeed Abner Doubleday of Cooperstown, New York, who must be regarded as the inventor of the game.   Many people believe that Doubleday invented the game in the year 1839 (Rader 7). During the early part of the 1900s, the Doubleday Theory surfaced from a debate over the origin of the game.   Albert G. Spalding proposed the appointment of a commission to resolve the argument over the origin of baseball.   Many people expressed before the commission that the game developed from rounders.   In 1908 however, through a published report made by the commission, Doubleday was credited to be the inventor of baseball.   The commission based its judgment from a letter written by the childhood friend of Doubleday named Abner Graves.   Graves claim that he has witnessed the invention of the game (Rader 93). Today, historians believe that Doubleday has hardly any contribution if not none, to the game of baseball (Riess 17).   Moreover, they stress that the game illustrated by Grave involved the routine of soaking runners.   Therefore, the game Graves describe is actually no different from rounders. A New York sportsman named Alexander Cartwright is acknowledged to be the Father of Organized Baseball (Block and Wiles 20).   Cartwright formed the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York in 1845.   He was also the one who crafted its set of rules.   The first of its kind, the club’s main goal is to play baseball.   The set of rules initially drafted as well as the additions which came in 1848 and 1854 largely influenced how the game is played at present (Block and Wiles 84). In accordance to the original set of rules, the distance between the bases measures 90 feet or 27.4 meters (Block and Wiles 82).   Each base is composed of nine players.   The 1845 set of rules was where the earliest recorded mention of the need to tag runner instead of the need to soak them can be found.   Three years after, the set of rules has been amended indicating the need to tag the first base to put a batter out on a ground ball.   This rule is still being followed until today.   In 1854, the force out rule was incorporated (Block and Wiles 84). The Knickerbocker Club competed with the New York Nine on June 19, 1846 making history as the first baseball game ever to be played involving two organized teams (Rader 7).   The game was held at the Elysian Fields located in Hoboken, New Jersey.   The teams scored 23 to 1 in favor of the New York Nine (Rader 9). The Civil War was instrumental in spreading the game across the United States.   Union soldiers regarded baseball as a form of recreation (Riess 4).   Whenever Union soldiers play the game, prisoners and troops alike were watching them.   Thus, more and more people learned how to play the game.   When they returned home after the war, they shared what they have learned.   From then on, the game has gained a huge following all over the country. Interest in the game of baseball increased following the year 1900 (Rader 100).   From that time on, it has become an important component of the average American life.   Leisure time has been spent playing the game outdoors.   Baseball players leading their respective leagues become local if not national heroes.   Famous philosopher Jacques Barzun once said that if one wants to know the mind and heart of America, he or she must learn how to play the country’s national pastime (Riess 1). Block, David and Tim Wiles. Baseball before we knew it: A Search for the Roots of the Game. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Rader, Benjamin. Baseball: A History of America’s Game. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2008. Riess, Steven A. Touching Base: Professional Baseball and American Culture in the Progressive Era. 1999.

The National Institutes of Health and The Centers for Disease Control Research Paper

The National Institutes of Health and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Research Paper Example The efficient work of the organization can be exhibited by the implementation of laws by the nations regarding driving safety such as seat belt laws, child safety seat legislation and licensing laws. This was only because of the active collection of data by the CDC about the motor vehicle crashes in United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). CDC also helps the healthcare facilities and the government to tackle the leading causes of death in the United States and also the causes of disability. It promotes safe and healthy behaviors among the communities and also introduces disease detectives and public health workforce to combat the emerging diseases. National Institute of Health is a government organization that works toward achieving new and up-to-date knowledge of living systems and the application of the new discoveries and researches for the enhancement of human health, reducing illness and improving the environment. NIH fosters basic researches and helps in new and interesting yet applicable researches that can be used for the prevention and treatment of health-related problems. NIH also aims to improve the country’s economy by improving the health and the associated sciences. This is only possible with the successful outcomes achieved by the investments in public research (National Institutes of Health, 2013).

Marketing Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Law and Ethics - Essay Example Organizations today have to adhere to the minimum environmental and ethical standards while conducting their operations locally or globally (Schlegelmilch, 1998, p.7). The project seeks to present some of major ethical issues faced by organizations. In this context the case of British petroleum oil spill would be considered and the various CSR that the organization undertook thereafter. The company has been criticised of being responsible for some of the major safety and environmental accidents. Since then the company has been involved in a number of socially responsible activities and voiced their concern for the climatic changes arising out of such businesses. It has also tried to implement practices of curtailing the emission of greenhouse gases. The project then seeks to analyze and evaluate the interactions between the marketing practices and the moral, legal and ethical environment in which the company operates. ... These factors have not only been resulting in loss of the company’s goodwill but have also generated huge revenue losses. As the company accounts for a major strength of the economy, earning a bad reputation would eventually result in a shock for the British economy (Lustgarten, 2010). The thought that the company has not been acting in socially responsible manner causes damage to the economy as well. CSR activities must be such which contributes to the economy while a poor CSR causes damage to the economic benefit of the nation on the whole (Werther & Chandler, 2010, p.28). BP has also been accused of a number of major accidents which has caused injuries to workers working in the company. This has been responsible for the arrival of a number of legal issues. A number of rules and compliances have come up for safeguarding the interest of workers. Companies have to specially abide by such compliances in the form of compensating for the loss of workers in case they meet accident s and injuries during the time of service. Companies have to implement sufficient safety standards for ensuring the safety of workers and their wellbeing. Criticisms regarding ethical issues were pointed at the company when it was charged of manipulating the prices of propane. In fact In that case, it had to settle the issue with the United States Department of Justice. Moreover it had to make a payment of $300 million in the form of fines for the purpose. This can be considered to be a case of ethical failure of the firm. The above accidents and incidents also reflect the status of moral standards followed in the company. The families of those workers meeting with accidents in the company have been claiming compensation on

Ecological Footprint Calculator Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ecological Footprint Calculator - Assignment Example beef from a properly grazed cow can both be qualified as meat, but their production, development and preparation all have serious impacts on one’s ecological footprint. The quiz also lacked clarity at certain points. One question had to do with how much trash I generate. This question is easy to answer at first, but after some thought it actually becomes quite difficult. Do items recycled and composted count as trash? The quiz does not answer this question. Nor are there further questions relating composting and recycling. I can only cite the example of my own family. In our case, my mother would frequently refer to recyclable containers as trash, even though we used the environmentally friendly method to dispose of them. If other Americans use the same language as was used in my household, this particular question may produce skewed results and leave people with a very inaccurate perception of their ecological footprint. Ultimately the quiz does what it’s supposed to do. The Footprint Network is an organization designed to promote environmentally friendly lifestyles. It does this by giving you a result that projects your ecological footprint (however inaccurate it may be) and then listing ways you can improve your lifestyle to better the entire planet. However, it would be more useful for the website to give you a more accurate appraisal of your environmental situation. These are problems that could easily be fixed by introducing a new level of clarity to the questions

Medical Aspects Of Disaster Management Health And Social Care Essay

Medical Aspects Of Disaster Management Health And Social Care Essay On December 26, 2004, a violent earthquake measuring 9 on the Richter scale struck off the western coast of northern Sumatra. It initiated several tsunamis (tidal waves) that took more than 200,000 lives. It was the deadliest natural disaster in the past quarter of a century. But as horrible as it was, it was but a ripple compared to some quakes in recorded history. In 1556, an earthquake in China took the lives of 830,000 people. In India, an earthquake in 1737 killed 300,000. Almost thirty years ago (1976), a massive quake in China left 655,000 dead. The Sumatra quake, which scientists have measured with modern instruments, was so powerful that it is believed to have moved some islands about 50 feet. In addition, seismologists think that it wobbled the earth on its axis, accelerating the rotation speed, thus shortening the length of our day by fractions of a second which is remarkable in view of the planets precision movements. The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of TÃ…Â hoku (TÃ…Â hoku-chihÃ…Â  TaiheiyÃ…Â  Oki Jishin), often referred to in Japan as Higashi nihon daishin-sai was one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900.The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that reached heights of up to 40.5 metres. The earthquake moved Honshu (the main island of Japan) 2.4 m east and shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm and 25 cm. This earthquake claimed 15,878 lives, left 6,126 injured, and 2,713 people missing . The earthquake and tsunami also caused extensive and severe structural damage in north-eastern Japan . Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan. Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water. The tsunami caused nuclear accidents, p rimarily the level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents. The World Banks estimated economic cost was US$235 billion, making it the most costly natural disaster in world history. Besides these, there have been the super cyclone in Orissa, earthquakes in Latur and Gujarat all of which have caused massive loss of life, distress, discomfort, disease and disability. Inspite of all this, we still await the so called Diego Maradonnas Hand of God to bail us out of each natural crisis causing incident. DISASTER STATISTICS In the past fifty years more than 10000 natural disasters have been reported, more than five billion people have been affected, more than twelve million persons have been killed and the economic costs have been greater than US dollars four trillion. In India during the period 1990 to 2006 more than 23000 lives have been lost in six major earthquakes(Uttarkasi, 1991;Latur,1993;Jabalpur,1997; Chamoli,1999;Bhuj,2001;JK ,2005.) Enormous damage has been caused to property and public infrastructure. The twin super-cyclones that hit Orissa in Oct 1999 affected 24 Districts, 219 blocks and 18790 villages resulting in loss of 8495human lives, 450,000 lives of cattle and damaging two million homes and 23000 schools. The Bhuj earthquake was a terrible human tragedy in which13,805 lives were lost that included 1031 school children and around 167,000 persons suffered multiple injuries This was in the wake of two consecutive years of drought. Disaster defined At the cost of repetition in the text it is important for us to understand and comprehend the term disaster. Disaster is a term very often figuratively used in day to day parlance. For instance, if, as professionals, you are making a presentation on some of your work which you highly value and the response of the audience is not exactly as per your expectations despite your utilizing all available resources, you would generally refer to such a presentation as being a disaster. Thus disaster is an unexpected event in which there is a sudden and massive disproportion between the hostile elements of any kind and the survival resources that are available to counterbalance these in the shortest period of time. There is no generally accepted definition of disasters. A study by Debacker found greater than 100 definitions of disaster. The variations occurred with professional role. The commonalities in all definitions are that disaster is a sudden and an extraordinary event wherein the deman d for health care resources is greater than those that can be supplied, where outside help and resources are needed and which causes disruption of infrastructure, loss of life, material damage and distress. In short disaster is an event where the response needed is greater than the response available. One of the more professional definitions of disaster (Humberside County Council UK) would read as under:- Disaster is a major incident arising with little or no warning causing or threatening death or serious injury to or rendering homeless, such numbers of persons in excess of those which can be dealt with by the public services operating under normal procedures and which calls for the special mobilization and organization of these services. Natural Disasters As we are deliberating on natural disasters, it may be worthwhile bringing out the fact that the Indian subcontinent is amongst the worlds most disaster prone areas with approximately 60 % of land mass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to high intensity, 8% of land vulnerable to cyclones, 12% of land mass is vulnerable to floods and 68% of cultivable area is prone to drought. The hilly areas are constantly at risk from landslides and avalanches and flash floods. With its vast territory, large population and unique geoclimatic conditions, the Indian subcontinent is exposed to natural calamities and catastrophies. While the vulnerability varies from region to region, a large part of the country is exposed to natural hazards which often turn into disasters causing significant disruption of socio-economic life of communities and to loss of life and property. For the ease of understanding Natural disasters could be classified as depicted in the Figure. Classification of Natural Disasters (a) Natural phenomenon beneath the earths surface  Ã‚ ¬Earthquakes including Tsunamis  Ã‚ ¬Volcanic Eruptions (b) Natural phenomenon at the earths surface  Ã‚ ¬Landslides  Ã‚ ¬Avalanche (c) Meteorological/hydrological phenomenon  Ã‚ ¬Cyclones  Ã‚ ¬Typhoons  Ã‚ ¬Hurricanes  Ã‚ ¬Tornados  Ã‚ ¬Hailstorms  Ã‚ ¬Sandstorms  Ã‚ ¬Floods  Ã‚ ¬Sea-surge  Ã‚ ¬Droughts Characteristics of Disasters Before we proceed any further let us briefly enumerate the characteristic features of a disaster since these will help us subsequently in formulating an appropriate disaster management strategy. The overwhelming characteristic features of a natural or any other type of disaster are:- (a) Suddenness of Occurrence. (b) Vastness of Damage. (c) Loss of Life and Property. (d) Disruption of Communication. (e) Panic and Anxiety. First Day First Person Ground Zero Report From Military Hospital Bhuj GS Sandhu Masses of humanity, crushed and mutilated limbs dangling, heads split open, shattered bones, and people coming in endless streams, tugging at the doctors sleeves to leave the patients they were attending to come and see their near and dear ones, crying, sobbing, screaming. This is the lasting impression of 26th January 2001 which I will carry with me for the rest of my life.- Extract of authors interview in Indian Express dated 8th February 2001. 1. Though the Kutch district of Gujarat is located in Seismic zone V, there was a general lack of awareness of the seismic risk and its implications among all sections of the society. The earthquake struck without warning at 0846 hrs on 26 Jan 2001. The epicenter was located 30 km north-east of Bhuj and measured 6.9 on the Richter scale. The impact was sudden and devastating. The local community was overwhelmed by the magnitude of the disaster and its resources rendered non-functional. 2. Military Hospital Bhuj is a small peripheral hospital, providing medical cover in the basic specialties. In the aftermath of the earthquake, this hospital acted as the first and sole responder, despite having suffered severe structural damage and its personnel and their families also being victims of the natural calamity. The principal task was to ensure operational readiness of the hospital for mass casualty management. A number of concurrent activities were initiated. Multiple reception, triage and resuscitation stations were set up. Indoor patients were moved out because of recurring aftershocks. Salvage of equipment and stores from collapsed buildings was commenced. An improvised surgical zone with makeshift operation tables was set up on hard standing. Pre and post operative areas were marked adjacent to this zone. Patient holding and evacuation areas were demarcated. Doctors from the town came to help in looking after the sea of injured humanity pouring into this sole medica l facility functioning in the disaster zone. The local army formation provided generator sets, water tankers, tents and personnel for crowd control. 3. A simple standardized patient management protocol adapted to the locally available resources and skills was devised. The aim of this protocol was to standardize treatment, save lives, prevent major secondary complications and prepare casualties to withstand evacuation to hospitals outside the disaster zone. Graded assessment was carried out, to cope with the sudden massive influx of casualties. Paramedical personnel did the initial assessment by grading the casualties into major and minor injuries. All patients with major injuries were resuscitated with IV fluids and exhibited antibiotics and parenteral Diclofenac analgesia. The physician and medical officers carried out airway management. The gynaecologist, who was also the administrative leader of the team, triaged the patients into those whose injuries could be handled locally and those who would require definitive management at specialized facilities. The final decision as to the salvage of limbs was performed by the surgeons at the operating table itself. 4. An idea of the difficult circumstances in which this emergency humanitarian action was executed can be gauged by the following situation in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake a) Collapse of the civil command and control structure in face of the magnitude of the disaster b) Structural damage to Military Hospital Bhuj c) Suboptimal / Inadequate surgical conditions d) Lack of communications e) Lack of water and electricity supply 5. Despite these constraints approximately 3000 casualties were handled at MH Bhuj before the first relief teams arrived around 2300 hrs on 26 Jan 2001. The problems encountered in handling casualties in these large numbers related to a) Crowd control b) Documentation c) Shortages of essential supplies d) Biomedical waste disposal e) Monitoring of the seriously injured f) Disposal of dead bodies g) Evacuation to specialized facilities 6. No country or community can be fully prepared to deal with sudden impact disasters. During the first few hours or even days, the affected community is isolated and must cope up the best it can. In a disaster situation the functions of the armed forces closely parallel those of the emergency services. The armed forces are trained to develop quick response capabilities. Their management and administrative systems function in a self contained, self sufficient and coordinated manner. The armed forces medical services have contingency plans and training to cater to mass casualty management. These capabilities allowed a small peripheral hospital to act as a sole responder to a disaster of overwhelming magnitude. The author was commanding the military hospital at Bhuj, Gujarat on 26th January 2001 Medical Role and Organization As we can see the management of natural disasters involves a host of disciplines working together to combat the ills and adverse effects of the disaster incident .This text will, however, be restricted to the medical role and organization during disaster incidences. This, however, in no way, is meant to malign the importance of other public services and agencies which are equally essential and play a vital role in the management of natural disasters. In fact these agencies contribute immensely towards successful and effective implementation of any disaster management strategy and are complementary to the efforts of the medical organization. The medical role will depend upon :- (a) Nature of the Disaster (b) Medical organisation set up for combating the natural disaster (c) The degree of involvement of the elements of the medical organisation in the Disaster incidence ie whether a hospital providing relief and rescue assistance is involved or not involved in the disaster situation The primary element of any health care delivery system that comes into operation during a natural disaster is the hospital. The role of a hospital will vary, depending upon the prevailing scenario :- (a) The hospital itself is not involved in the disaster. (b) The hospital is directly involved in the disaster. (c) The hospital is indirectly involved in the disaster. (d) The disaster affects the hospital only. In case the hospital is not itself involved in the disaster situation it can be geared up fully to meet the demands of such an eventuality. In case the hospital is directly affected by the disaster situation it will then be affected in the same manner as the general population and will then have to reorganize itself to provide medical aid not only to the community but also its own inmates and staff. In situations where the hospital is indirectly affected by disruption in some of its facilities and services like water and electricity supply, communication facility it will have to appropriately modify its own plan of action. These aspects have to be built into the disaster plan of the hospital. Aims and Objectives of Medical Role and Organisation During Natural Disasters The aim of any medical organisation during a natural disaster is to provide prompt and effective medical care to the largest number of people needing that care in order to bring about early recovery and reduce the death and disability associated with the disaster incident. A paradigm shift is needed from traditional approach to a casualty under normal circumstances. The approach has to shift from the traditional ALL FOR ONE to ONE FOR ALL. The primary objectives of the medical organisation during natural disasters are :- (a) To prepare the staff and institutional resources for optimal performance in an emergency situation of certain magnitude. (b) To make the community and other counter disaster agencies aware of the capabilities, execution and benefits of the medical disaster plans. (c) To establish security, traffic control and public information arrangements. The medical role during a disaster incident includes (a) Sending Mobile Medical Teams / Quick Reaction Medical Teams / First aid teams to the site of the disaster. (b) Providing First Aid and Basic Life Support at the site of the incidence (Pre hospital stabilization) (c) Sorting out the afflicted victims into priorities for evacuation (Triage) (d) Safe and Speedy transportation from the site of incidence to the location of providing definitive care. (e) Providing Advance Life Support and definitive care at the hospitals (f) Provisioning of Rehabilitation Services to the affected individuals (g) Care of the dead and moribund individuals. (h) Prevention of Epidemics and other related health hazards (Environmental health management). (j) Epidemiological and Health-surveillance efforts (k) Setting up Communication Centres for providing relevant information to the public, community and other agencies. To carry out the above roles to perfection at the time of a disaster event it is mandatory that all concerned in the medical organization must be aware of their roles and responsibilities. Thus arises the necessity of having a well designed and integrated Disaster Plan. Failure to Plan is Planning to Fail when the event actually happens. Planning provides the opportunity to network and engage all participants prior to the event. It provides the opportunity to resolve issues outside of the heat of the battle. Experience tells us that thinking about and planning for disasters is not as painful as having to explain why we didnt. Principles of Natural Disaster Plan of a Medical Organisation The basic principles which form the template of a Natural Disaster Plan are :- (a) Simplicity It should be simple and operationally functional (b) Flexibility It should be executable for various forms and dimensions of different disasters (c) Clarity It should lay down a clear definition of authority and responsibilities and not use too many technical jargons (d) Concise It should be suitable for the type of hospital and not be so voluminous that nobody will read it (e) Adaptability Although the plan is intended to provide standardized procedures, it should have an inherent scope for adaptability to different situations that can emerge during disasters (f) Extension of normal hospital working It should be made in such a way that the plan merges with the normal functioning of the hospital (g) Practiced Regularly to make it work and to recognize and reduce and eliminate the shortcomings. (h) Permanent and periodically updated based upon the experiences gained from rehearsals and disaster situations faced (j) A part of a Regional Disaster Plan. The key issues involved in any disaster plan are Preplanning, Communications, Co-ordination, Training and Regular practice. Without these elements no amount of technical skills and modern technology can mitigate the sufferings of disaster victims. Pre-requisites for Disaster Planning There are certain pre -requisites that require to be deliberated before planning for and managing disaster events. These are briefly described as under :- (a) Hazard / Vulnerability Analysis: This is based on past experiences and the vulnerability status of the localities that are within the ambit of the administrative and clinical jurisdiction of the health care facility. For example if an area is prone to earthquakes it is important that the hospital building is earthquake proof and the Disaster Plan of the hospital is able to cater to the rescue and relief of the victims of the earthquake. It is also important to remember that Earthquakes, Accidents dont come with prior notice but Floods, Cyclones do. Pre disaster preparedness in later case can prove to be very useful. (b) The Role, Responsibilities and Work relationships amongst all the staff of the health care institution must be clarified. (c) Hospital Capability Analysis: It is also essential to be familiar with the hospital treatment capacity should mass casualties suddenly arrive without adequate prior notice. Generally as a thumb rule the Hospital Treatment Capacity is 3% of total Hospital Beds whereas the Hospital Surgical Capacity in an eight hourly shift can roughly be calculated as under:- No. of operating rooms x 7 x 0.25 (d) Hospital Community cooperation in Disaster Planning: This is also an essential precondition and the outside support must be kept on alert and must be signalled to move at appropriate time to be in position in affected area immediately before the arrival of the casualties. Who Should Make the Hospital Disaster Plan? This is the next obvious question as to who should be responsible for making a hospital disaster plan. More often than not it is felt that this is the responsibility of the Hospital Administrators only. Well, the hospital administrators do play a major role in framing, coordinating, rehearsing and implementing the disaster plan but no single individual can effectively make the disaster plan of any health care set up since making the plan is a multidisciplinary affair and all disciplines should be involved in framing a plan for the implementation and success of which they are ultimately responsible. Herein lies the importance of constituting the Hospital Disaster Management Committee (HDMC). The Suggested Membership of this committee is as under :- (a) Director/Executive Head of the Hospital. (b) Departmental Heads. (c) Nursing Supdt./CNO/SNO (d) Hospital Administrator (e) O I/C Casualty Services. (f) Maintenance and Engineering Staff. (g) Staff Representative. (h) Representatives from other support services and utility services as required. Functions of HDMC It has been commonly said that sitting on a committee is like sitting on a WC. One makes a lot of noise and ultimately drops the entire matter. Well, the function of HDMC goes much beyond this saying. For this committee to function effectively, its role and responsibilities and terms of reference must be clearly laid down. Broadly the role of HDMC is :- (a) To develop the Hospital Disaster Plan. (b) To develop Departmental Plans in support of the Hospital Plan. (c) To plan Allocation of Resources. (d) To allocate duties to Hospital Staff. (e) To establish standards for emergency care. (f) To conduct and supervise Training Programme. (g) To supervise Drill to Test the Hospital Plan. (h) To review and revise the Disaster Plan at regular intervals. Components of Hospital Disaster Plan The various components of a well thought out disaster plan are enumerated below. These components will vary from one health care institution to other depending upon the capability and capacity as well as the hazard and vulnerability analysis. Notwithstanding this, the components should focus on the following aspects (a) Efficient system of Alert and Staff assignments. (b) Unified Medical Command. (c) Mobilisation of Resources (i) Medical Nursing, Administrative Staff. (ii) Medical Stores Supply and Equipment. (iii) Conversion of useable space into clearly defined areas for Reception, Triage observations and immediate care. (d) Procedure for prompt movement of patients within the hospital. (e) Procedures for discharge/referral/transfer of patients including transportation. (f) Prior establishment of Public Information Centre. (g) Security arrangements for inpatients, casualties, property of patients and the hospital etc. (h) Evaluation of Hospital Autonomy in terms of water, electricity, food and medical supplies including gases. (j) OT utilization planning. (k) Planning for X-ray, Lab and Blood Bank. The HDMC is required to prepare a disaster manual which should be crisp, easily understood by all and should contain the details of the mode of execution of the Disaster Plan. The hospital disaster manual is a written statement of the disaster plan which is required to be activated during any type of disaster and is divided into five sections which though not sacrosanct and can be modified according to the needs and requirements but they form the template on which the hospital disaster plan can be prepared and executed. A prototype of the template is given below Section I :- Introduction (a) Disaster Alert Code. (b) General Principles of conduct. (c) Brief synopsis of total plan. Section-II :- Distribution of Responsibilities (a) Requirement and responsibilities of individuals and departments. (b) Action cards. Section-III :- Chronological Action Plan (a) Initial Alert. (b) Activate hospital Disaster Plan. (i) Notify key personnel. (ii) Activate key Depts. (iii) Give details of Resource Mobilisation. (iv) Pre-arranged wards/areas for casualties. (c) Formation of a command nucleus (i) Preferably near the casualty reception. (ii) Define roles of hospital controller. (iii) Senior Nursing Officer, Hospital Admin (iv) Clinical Principles of Management of Casualties. (v) Reception. (vi) Triage (vii) Admission of Patients. (viii) Utilization of supportive services. (ix) Principles of treatment of casualties.  Ã‚ ¬Basic Life Support  Ã‚ ¬Advance Life Support  Ã‚ ¬Definitive Treatment (d) Specific problems of Disaster Management. (i) Clinical Problems.  Ã‚ ¬Less, serious patients report first.  Ã‚ ¬Contaminated casualties. (ii) Administrative Problems.  Ã‚ ¬Documentation.  Ã‚ ¬Police Documentation Team.  Ã‚ ¬Communication.  Ã‚ ¬Friends and Relatives.  Ã‚ ¬Crowd control  ® Convergence   Ã‚  effect.  Ã‚ ¬Voluntary workers.  Ã‚ ¬Patients Property.  Ã‚ ¬Press and Media.  Ã‚ ¬Disposal of Dead. Section IV :- Check List Of Personnel And Items. (a) Designation of overall medical authority. (b) Establishment of communication network. (c) Notification rosters. (d) Triage centre with Triage Officer. (e) Personnel Assignments. (f) Designation of medical teams areas of operations. (g) Routes of disposal. (h) Criteria for patient categorization. (i) Rapid documentation cards (j) Security arrangements. (k) Plans for logistics and supplies. (l) Records. (m)Evacuation system. (n) Information booth / Help desk Section V :- Repeated Rehearsals. (a) To train (b) To test performance (c) To correct weaknesses and deviations. A brief explanation of the aforementioned template is given in the subsequent paragraphs for the ease of understanding Introduction The introduction should include disaster alert code, general principles of conduct and brief synopsis of total plan. When the alert is given all personnel must report to duty and takeover their assigned jobs. A sample synopsis is placed at the end of this chapter. Distribution of Responsibilities (a) Authority and Command Nucleus : A small disaster management committee consisting of (i) Executive Head of the hospital (ii) District Health Officer/Civil Surgeon (iii) Professor of Medicine/Surgery/Officer In Charge Accident and Emergency Services (iv) Matron (b) Action Cards : The duties of each individual and dept are clearly indicated on a Action Card. These cards describe in details the responsibilities and the actions to be taken by each and every member of hospital staff starting from hospital administration to stretcher bearers and ward boys. Action card can be carried at all times and/or kept at command centre. If the designated individual proceeds on leave / out of station, then it should be the responsibility of the stand in individual to be aware of his role as per the action card. Chronological Action Plan For efficient and effective implementation during a disaster episode the action plan must be listed in chronological order. The salient features of the Action Plan are briefly explained below (a) Initial Alert : (i) Source of Alert (aa) Accident and Emergency department itself (ab) Through telephones or (ac) Through authorities like police etc. (ii) Action to be undertaken. On receipt of information, the concerned person must gather information regarding the place, time and type of disaster incident , the estimated number and type of casualties and the source of communication. He should also have a callback number if possible to remain in constant contact with the reporting personnel. This would help in determining the time available to prepare (response time) for the emergency and the necessary reorganization of hospital services to cope up with the same. (b) Activate Hospital Action Plan : The designated hospital staff activates the disaster plan. All the departments and people involved get into readiness to attend to casualties and depending upon the nature and number of casualties, crisis expansion of hospital beds is undertaken, utilizing additional space, by discharge of minor /cold cases and transfer of cases to other hospitals/ health care centres. (c) Formulation of Command Nucleus : The command nucleus should be formed immediately and located either in or close to the Accident and Emergency department. (d) Management of Casualties : This deals with (i) Admission of patients (ii) Triage and (iii) Organization of clinical services. (iv) Further treatment (v) Collection of information for management and for relatives and media (e) Hospital Management ; Once a disaster call is made and the hospital control unit established, the mobilization of the hospital services may proceed at the speed required with the minimum loss of time. Usually a number of designated areas will need to be created. (i) Reception An initial reception area acts as the first point of triage in the hospital and distributes patients to appropriate treatment zones. In addition, the initial reception will involve the documentation for casualties. The most experienced surgeons available should be responsible for triage. If staffing permits, assign specific members to care of each patient needing urgent attention. Ambulatory patients and those needing less urgent care should go to a separate area to await treatment at a convenient time. (ii) Resuscitation A large well lit open space is needed for effective resuscitation. Patients are prepared for surgery if required or sent to the wards as soon as their condition stabilizes. A senior anaesthetist is the best choice to supervise resuscitation and to prepare, with surgical advice, the theatre schedules. (iii) Operation Theatres Strict sorting is necessary to avoid blocking theatre space with patients with trivial injuries and who happen to arrive first. They may be treated in a separate theatre (Minor O.T) or at convenient times when other major problems are dealt with. Treatment in wards or Intensive Care units will need to be organized to follow initial care in accident department and the theatres. (iv) Radiology Proper radiology assessment is needed for the correct management of many casualties. Strict triage for radiology should be practiced by staff to avoid bottleneck in radiology department and over use and failure of X-ray machines or shortage of X-ray films. Portable X-ray machines will be preferred in orthopedic O.T. and image intensifiers sh

The Childhood of Charles Dickens Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

The Childhood of Charles Dickens      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "I do not write resentfully or angrily: for I know all these things have worked together to make me what I am" - Charles Dickens    Charles Dickens's tumultuous childhood did indeed shape the person he became, as well as have a definite impact on his literary career.   There are shades of young Dickens in many of his most beloved characters, including David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, and of course, Great Expectations' Pip.   Like Dickens, all three of these characters came from humble beginnings and were able to rise above their respective circumstances to achieve success.   Similarly, Dickens' literary success is owed in large part to his unhappy childhood experiences.   He did not merely overcome his past, he triumphed over it by incorporating it into best-selling works of art.   Drawing on these events not only provided a cathartic release from childhood traumas, it also modernized the classic rags-to-riches success story.   When comparing Dickens' childhood to Great Expectations, it becomes apparent not only how these formative years influenced his literary career by inspiring many of the characters and themes predominant in the novel, but also how Dickens used his work as a form of therapeutic release from childhood tensions.    Charles Dickens' childhood and young adulthood was definitely filled with enough drama to base a novel upon.   Born February 7, 1812, to John Dickens, a clerk in the Navy Pay Office, and his wife Elizabeth, Charles spent his earliest years in the English seaport town of Portsmouth.   The first years of his life were idyllic enough, alt... ... safe way.   He did not have to confront the people and events that shaped him directly, he could do it through characters such as Pip.   He was well-acquainted with the themes that run throughout the novel because he experienced them in his own life.   His first-hand knowledge of such feelings as guilt, betrayal and personal redemption added an authenticity to his fiction that would be difficult for authors without such a history to duplicate. Works Cited    Allen, Michael. Charles Dickens' Childhood. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1988.    Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. 1861. Ed. Janice Carlisle. Boston: Bedford, 1996.    Forster, John. The Life of Charles Dickens. New York: Bigelow, 1876. Kaplan, Fred. Dickens: A Biography. New York: Morrow, 1988.            Ã‚